Ethene (C2H4)

First π bond example; planar D2h symmetry splits π and σ blocks cleanly in symmetry arguments. Teaching note: figures illustrate qualitative electronic structure; quantitative benchmarking should use larger bases, dispersion, and experimental structures.

Geometry
Planar
Polarity
Nonpolar
Bond angle
120°
Hybridisation
sp2
VSEPR
AX3
Bonds
1 σ + 1 π between carbons · C–H σ bonds
Molecular orbitals
12 valence MOs; π/π* pair controls addition reactions and Walsh diagrams.
SMILES
C=C

Electron density: spin-paired GPAW (PBE) on an isolated gas-phase geometry; molecular orbitals: restricted mean-field RHF with sto-3g in PySCF unless noted.

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